This environement in question is an evaporator, which can be of two types:
- Posed directly on the processor, as a waterblock in Watercooling in the case of a DOD (Direct One Die) who applies directly to the processor
- Of helicoid form, in Waterchill, or it will come to cool a liquid (often alcohol, because it freezes has less than -100°c) which will be the coolant of a system with Watercooling.
Each gas with these proper properties of condensation and relaxation, most used in the “Phase exchange” is R290, R22, R134a, R404, R507, other gases with a temperature of lower evaporation (thus which “create more cold” can-to be used, but under certain conditions because it is necessary to be able to condense them, and that is at low temperature made, whereas the gases quoted before condense at temperatures close to that of the ambient temperature (count on 20°C), if one considers a pressure of 6/8 bars approximately. That is done with several stages, therefore several systems which use gases whose beach of use is increasingly low.
The systems on simple floors, Single Training course, are less complicated and less “powerful” that the systems on multiple floors, Cascade, (as a cascade which contains several stages) which allow temperatures close to -100°c in certain cases.
Another “simple” system more, consists in evaporating LN2, liquid nitrogen, in a tank, I do not speak about machine of war, but of a copper container generally which one poses on the CPU or GPU to cool it. Or that becomes intéréssant, it is that the LN2 evaporates with -196°c, that is to say only 77.15 K.
One observes that with sytèmes such as those, gone up in frequency is more important, that is always related to the resistivity of silicon. It diminiue enormously with such a temperature, moreover one will not exceed the temperatures where the processor will create errors.
Thus with same vcore but at lower temperature, a processor will gain in frequency compared to a traditional cooling, because one will improve the passage of the current in this processor.
However, any processor with its limit which is the éffet of skin (Skin Effect), which increases with the frequency.
- How is the frequency of one processor to the sale defined?
To include/understand, it should initially be known how one defines under which label one will sell a processor.
It should be known that one does not create a processor according to his needs, one creates a processor according to the results which it gives to a given tension.
, One creates a processor which will hold such or such frequency, and if one bases oneself on only one and even tension (it is generally the case) it will often be necessary to test hundreds of processor before finding of them one which will hold a high frequency with the same tension as the other processors of its range. That costs money, and thus these processors are expensive and “rare”.
Only, there is always a more or less important margin that the manufacturer asserts itself to sell his processors on the market. It is for that that, even if a certified processor with 2.4 ghz and a tension of 2.0v can turn to 3.2 ghz with this same tesnsion, a processor which is certified to him with 3.2 ghz and 2.0v will go up theoretically more in final frequency.
The processors are then noted according to a code which contains the week of production, and of another figures related to the production.
It is the stepping, the code that the overclockers seek because the processors which it door will have a propention with the more or less marked overclocking. However there will be always a difference between two processors carrying a similar stepping because the quality of engraving will be never the same one.
The goods steppings will be defined by:
stroke it of certification, plus it is important, more one is likely to go up in frequency without handling the vcore.
- Need for the market, one certifies processors at a frequency lower than that presented in the tests to be able to face the market, it results from it from the processors “masked” under a appelation lower than that for which they were intended.
- Support, one attaches a processor to limit the blows of production, one limits his functions and it is sold less expensive. One can take for example the duron 1.6 ghz, which was in fact Athlon to which one had cut down part of the L2 mask.
This file is not finished, and I will add there questions/answers, I would ask you to announce me the errors whatever they are.
It is necessary also that I replace the formulas by more readable images.